Characteristics and Changes Affected by Air Pollution

Chemical properties of water-physics generally tested and can be used to determine the level of water pollution are:

 pH, acidity and alkalinity.

 Temperature

 Dissolved Oxygen

 Carbon dioxide-free

 The color and turbidity

 Total solids

 Nitrate

 Ammonia

 Phosphate

 electrical conductivity

 Chloride

1. PH value, acidity and alkalinity

Normal pH value of the water is around neutral, which is between 6 to 8. While the pH of the contaminated water, such as wastewater (effluent), vary depending on the type of waste.

The fresh water from the mountains usually have a higher pH. The longer the water pH will drop to acidic conditions. This increase in organic material which liberates CO2 when undergoing a process of decomposition.

Industrial wastewater inorganic materials generally contain high amounts of mineral acid so that the acid is high or low pH. The existence of iron-sulfur component (FeS2) in high amounts in the water will also increase the acidity, as FeS2 with air and water to form H2SO4 and iron (Fe) soluble.

Changes in acidity in wastewater, either towards alkaline (pH up) or to the acid (pH down), would greatly disrupt the lives of fish and aquatic animals. In addition, waste water has a low pH is highly corrosive to steel and often result in a rusty iron pipes.

The relationship between waste sources and characteristics.

Characteristics of Waste Resources

Physics:

• Colors organic materials, industrial waste dn domestic

• Odour Decomposition of industrial waste

• The solid source of water, industrial wastewater and domestic

• The temperature industrial and domestic waste

Chemistry:

Organic

• Carbohydrates Waste industrial, commercial and domestic

• Waste oils and fats industry, trade and domestic

• Pesticide Waste agricultural

• Waste Penol industry

Inorganic

• Alkaline water sources, domestic waste, infitrasi ground water, waste water boiler

• Chloride Water sources, industrial waste, water attenuation

• Heavy metals industry wastes

• Nitrogen agricultural and domestic waste

• Industrial waste pH

• Phosphorus industrial waste, domestic and natural

• Sulfur industrial and domestic waste

• toxic materials trade and industrial waste

Biology:

• Domestic Waste Virus

2. Temperature

Water is often used as a cooling medium in a variety of industrial processes. The cooling water will get hot after use of the material is cooled, then returned to their original place. Rising water temperatures will rise due to the following:

 The reduced amount of oxygen dissolved in the water.

 Increased speed of chemical reactions.

 Disruptive fish life and other aquatic animals.

 If the lethal temperature limits are exceeded, fish and other aquatic animals may die.

Fish that live in water that has a relatively high temperature will increase the speed of respiration. In addition, the high temperatures will also reduce the amount of oxygen dissolved in the water. Consequently akn fish and aquatic animals die from lack of oxygen. Times the temperature of the water or wastewater is relatively high among others, marked by the emergence of the fish and other aquatic animals to the surface to find oxygen.

3. Dissolved Oxygen

Oxygen gas is odorless, tasteless, and only slightly soluble in water. To sustain life, creatures that live in the water, plants and animals depend on oxygen dissolved. So the levels of dissolved oxygen can be used as benchmarks for water quality menenukan. Aquatic life can survive if there is a minimum dissolved oxygen as much as 5 ppm (5 parts per million or 5 mg of oxygen for every liter of water). The rest depends on the robustness organime, the degree of its activity, the presence of contaminants, water temperature, and so on.

4. Carbon dioxide in water

Constantly exchanging carbon dioxide from the air to that in water if the water and air contact, the prose is a little exchange happened is diffusion. If the water is wavy then the exchange will be more.

If the rain falls to the ground and the soil carbon dioxide then met again with rain water would be more acidic. If it is then in contact with limestone CaCO3, there will be an acid salt form.

Carbon is one of the elements that had cycling in the ecosystem. At the start of atmospheric carbon moves through producers, consumers and decomposers, then back into the atmosphere. In the atmosphere, carbon bound in CO2. After going through the process of photosynthesis in the compound bound glokosa or other carbon compounds. These compounds are preyed upon by decomposers then back into the atmosphere.

5. Color and turbidity

Water color varies widely found in nature, such as water swamps yellow, brown, or green. The river water is usually brownish yellow because they contain mud.

Waste water containing iron (Fe) in a high number of reddish brown. Water color is not normal is usually an indication of water pollution.

Water color divided into two kinds:

• True color (true color) caused by dissolved materials.

• Color pseudo (apparent color) which in addition caused by dissolved substances, as well as suspended materials, including the nature of colloids.

Turbidity exhibit optical properties of water, which resulted in the refraction of light into the water. Turbidity limit the entry of light into the water. This turbidity is due to the material of the float, and the unraveling of certain substances, such as organic materials, microorganisms, Mud clay and other substances that bring out or terapun and very subtle. The more turbid the water, the higher the electrical conductivity and the more padatannya.

6. Solids

Solids in the water comprising organic and inorganic solids dissolved. Precipitated or suspended. This material will settle to the bottom of the water, which will eventually lead to siltation of the bottom of the container receiver. Another result of the solid growth of aquatic plants is limited and can be toxic to other creatures. The number indicates the number of mud solids contained in the water.

Basically always contaminated water containing solids, which can be divided into four groups based on the particle and other properties, particularly solubility are:

• terendap solids (sediment) are solids that can be directly precipitated if the water is not disturbed for a while. Padata that settles it

• Suspended solids and colloidal

• Total Dissolved Solids

• Oils and fats

a) solids terendap

Terendap solids or solids contained sediment that settles directly if the water is not disturbed for a while. Sediment contained in the water are usually formed as a result of erosion, and is commonly found in the solid surface waters. The presence of high amounts of sediment in the water will be very harmful for the following matters:

• Causes clogging drains and sewers, and may also precipitate out of the water tank to reduce the volume of water in the tub can accommodate them.

• The sediment at the bottom of a river or lake will reduce populations of fish and other aquatic animals because the eggs of fish and other food sources may be submerged in the sediment.

• Causes turbidity.

b) teruspensi solids and colloidal

Trunspensasi solids are solids that cause turbidity, insoluble and can not directly precipitate, consisting of particles smaller size and weight of the sediments, such as clay, certain organic materials, the cells of microorganisms, and sebagainya.air food industry waste, especially fermentation industry, and industry tekstl solids containing relatively high amounts trunspensasi.

c) Dissolved Solids

Dissolved solids are solids that have ukura smaller than suspended solids. The solids consist of organic compounds and inorganic dissolved in water, minerals and salts garamnya.Padatan total dissolved solids concentration reflects the amount of water in a sample. Total dissolved solids can be more quickly determined debgan smpel measuring electrical conductivity of water. The degree of conductivity of water is proportional to the total dissolved solids in the water.

d) Oil and grease

Oil and water polluting lamak often input into the solids, which holds on the surface of the water. The oil contained in the water can come from various sources, including from pembersuhan and washing in laut.Terdapat ships in two kinds of emulsion formed between oil and water, the oil-in-water emulsions and emulsions in minyek. Oil-in-water emulsions occur if oil droplets dispersed in water and stabilized by chemical intereksi berombak.Pencemaran where water water water by oil is very harmful because it can cause some of the following:

• The resulting oil oil penetration into the water is reduced.

• The concentration of dissolved oxygen decreases with the oil because the oil film layer inhibits uptake of oxygen by the water.

• There is a layer of oil on the surface of the water will disrupt the lives of aquatic birds because the birds were swimming and diving.

7. Nitrate

The conversion of free nitrogen in the air into nitrates can dilakukun biologically and chemically. This transformation is called fisasi (binding) nitrogen.Halilintar result of chemical nitrogen fixation. Bolt through the air providing enough energy to bring nitrogen and oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide NO2. This gas reacts with water to form nitric NO3 asm. plants and animals that have died will be described protein by spoilage organisms into ammonia and ammonium compounds. Nitrogen in feces and urine into ammonia will end well.

8. Phosphorus

Daurnya journey similar to phosphorus in nitrogen cycle. In aquatic ecosystems, there are three forms namely phosphorus phosphorus compounds, such as ortoposfat inorganic, organic compounds in potoplasma, and as dissolved organic compounds that are formed due to dirt or body mengurai.Seperti organisms as nitrogen, phosphorus entering the water through various roads: dirt, waste , agricultural residues, animal manure, and the rest of the dead plants and animals. Phosphorus pollution prevention can be done by restricting the use diterjen containing phosphate.